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NET I/(II).AD*.ms-ps(2-4).a, variety of characteristics reddish/orange/brownish to black firing clay with predominance of fine quartz and feldspars 12th century BC |
fresh cross section and FABRIC DESCRIPTION
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FABRIC DESCRIPTION
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NETTUNO fabric 4 NET I/(II).AD*.ms-ps(2-4).a, variety of characteristics Description on the basis of macroscopical observation up to x30 (see image of fresh cross section above and table below) The fabric is characterized by a reddish/brownish/orange to black colour, occasionally with a dark core or dark interior side. Most important colours (67% of the measured colours of the P13 sherds) are Munsell: 2.5 YR 3/4 (dusky red), 2.5 YR 4/6 (dark red), 5 YR 3/4 (dark reddish brown) and 10 YR 2/1 (black). By naked eye the fresh section gives the impression of a low to medium percentage of inclusions based on the predominance of fine, mainly rounded Quartz and Feldspar. Microscopical investigation on the other hand reveals the presence of a medium to high number of inclusions (>20%), hardly detectable by eye. The feel of the majority of sherds is sandy though: an empirical indicator for above-medium percentages of inclusions. The variety in colour in this group of sherds influences to a high degree, the possibility to detect inclusions. Occasionally brown to black coloured, medium to large sized Ferro-Manganese nodules (up to 2000 = 0,2 cm.) are present and sporadically large Augite or large Flint (up to 1000 = 0,1 cm). Sorting is comparable to the former fabric: moderately to poorly sorted, but with an emphasis on poorly sorted. The average size of the inclusions is somewhat larger compared to fabric number 3. The clay matrix shows only fine shrinkage fissures in a random orientation, probably related to the high percentage of inclusions. This fabric shares characteristics with fabric number 3: NET I/(II).AD*.ms(-ps)(2-4).b, ((large) FeMn nodules), ((large) Augite), ((large) Flint)
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The thin-section in general gives the impression of a high percentage of inclusions, moderately to poorly sorted, with locally a tendency to very poorly sorted. On average the particle size is <710 (<0,017 cm.) but frequently ranges up to 1400/2000 (0,14–0,2 cm). Due to the high percentage of inclusions, the clay appears sufficiently and evenly blended. As in fabric 3, about half of the inclusions shows initial weathering with Quartz being affected most. The predominant inclusions are Quartz and Feldspars in equal proportion. Also Ferro-Manganese nodules, Augite and reddish flint can be detected. The high proportion of inclusions and the anhedral shape of the minerals do not facilitate preferential orientation. The clay matrix is hardly micaceous and where visible, the pellets are orientated randomly. Furthermore there is no difference in orientation between inclusions just beneath the surface and in the core that could indicate a finishing operation by slow wheel. The many small and multidirectional fissures in the clay matrix moreover underline the absence of preferential orientation. In combination these factors lead to the conclusion that the vessels of this fabric were modelled by hand.
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fabric |
4 |
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volume of inclusions |
>20%, possibly > 40% |
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sorting |
ms-ps |
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particle size |
in general <710, frequently up to 1400/2000 |
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quartz |
15-25% |
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feldspar |
15-25% |
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flint |
p-1% |
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augite |
3-5% |
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olivine |
x |
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mica |
x |
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garnet |
x |
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FeMn-nodules |
p |
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ASSOCIATED POTTERY
Class
I STORAGE JARS/Pentole
type I.1
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Class
I STORAGE JARS/Pentole |
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5. Troncoconical storage jar with spreading wall, straight rim and convex lip. On transition body to rim somewhat pinched plain cord with lug incorporated. Common red impasto Inside : 5YR 2.5/1 (black) Cross section : 10YR 3/3 - 2/1 Outside : 5 YR 4/2 (dark reddish grey) to 2.5 YR 5/8 (red) 7.5 x 12.1 x 0.7 – 0.9 (lip) – 1.8 (wall + cord) – 3.0 (wall + lug). D.37 |
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7. Troncoconical storage jar with slightly outcurving rim and convex lip. Cord rounded in section on the transition body to rim. Common brown impasto Inside : 5YR 5/2 (reddish gray) Cross section : 7.5 YR 3/2 Outside : 5YR 5/3 (reddish brown) 9.3 x 7.4 x 1.0 – 1.0 (lip) – 2.1 (wall + cord) D.40 |
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8. Troncoconical storage jar with spreading wall, slightly outcurving rim and lip bevelled on the outside. On the transition body to rim, faceted cord with triangular lug incorporated, in section somewhat faceted. Common red impasto Inside : 2.5YR 5/4 (reddish brown) to 10R 5/6 (red) Cross section : 2.5YR 4/6 Outside : 2.5YR 5/6 (red) to 2.5YR 5/8 (red) Rimfragment : 5.2 x 9.0 x 1.5 – 1.45 (lip) – 2.4 (wall + cord) - 5.2 (wall + lug). D. 33 Base : 9.7 x 5.2 x 2.8 (base) – 2.2 (wall). D. 23 Four fragments of jar from trench D, reconstructed as belonging to one jar on account of ware, fabric and manufacture. This jar represents the most coarsely made vessel from trench D. |
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13. Wallfragment of troncoconical storage jar with spreading wall, straight rim and flattened lip. On transition rim to wall a plain cord decoration, triangular to convex in section. Common red impasto Inside : 5YR 3/1 (very dark grey). Cross section : 7.5YR 3/3 - 2.5/2 Outside : 5YR 3/1 (very dark grey) to 5YR 4/4 (reddish brown) and 5YR 4/6 (yellowish red). 7.6 x 6.2 x 1.1 – 1.1 (lip). D. 36
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Class
I STORAGE JARS/Pentole |
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21. Probably cylindro-ovoidal storage jar with outcurving rim and flattened to convex lip. On transition from body to rim, a horizontal cord, rounded in section with lug incorporated, somewhat faceted. Common red impasto Inside : 2.5YR 4/1 (dark reddish grey) to 2.5YR 4/8 (red) Cross section : 7.5YR 3/3 - 10YR 2/1 Outside : 2.5YR 4/2 (weak red) to 10R 4/8 (red) 8.1 x 28.5 x 1.2 – 0.8 (lip) – 1.7 (wall + cord) – 3.9 (wall + lug). D. 41 |
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22. Probably cylindro-ovoidal storage jar with slightly outcurving rim and flattened lip. Common brown impasto Inside : 10YR 3/3 Cross section : 7.5YR 3/3 - 10YR 2/1 Outside : 10YR 3/2 17.6 x 6.6 x 1.2 – 1.1 (lip). D. 38 Beginning of horizontal cord decoration is emerging on the outside.
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Class
I STORAGE JARS/Pentole Transition from type 1 to 3 is gradual in the P13 sherds due to some rims, which are only slightly incurving. Some rimfragments are too small to fit into a typology. |
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35. Cylindro-ovoidal storage jar with straight rim and lip bevelled on the inside and slightly thickened on the outside. Common red impasto Inside : 5YR 4/4 (reddish brown) to 5YR 3/3 (dark reddish brown) Cross section : 10YR 3/3 - 2/1 Outside : 5YR 5/6 (yellowish red) to 5YR 4/6 (yellowish red) 7.2 x 9.4 x 1.5 – 1.5 (lip). D. 45 Six other sherds are attributed to this vessel on account of fabric, ware and similar form characteristics. |
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39. Cylindro-ovoidal storage jar with slightly flaring wall, slightly incurving rim and convex lip. On the transition body to rim, a horizontal cord decoration, triangular in section. Common red impasto Inside : 5YR 5/3 (reddish brown) to 5YR 4/2 (dark reddish grey) Cross section : 7.5YR 4/4 - 10YR 2/1 Outside : 5YR 5/6 (yellowish red) to 5YR 4/1 (dark grey) 9.2 x 9.4 x 1.3/1.4 – 1.2 (lip) – 2.4 (wall + cord). D. 54 31 sherds ascribed to this vessel on account of similar characteristics
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CLASS II JARS/OLLE/VASE Most of the jar types are smaller versions of the storage jar types I.2, I.3 and I.4. |
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63. Probably cylindro-ovoidal jar with slightly flaring wall, slightly outturning rim and convex lip. Common red impasto Inside : 5YR 4/3 (reddish brown) to 5YR 4/1 (dark grey) Cross section : 5YR 4/3 Outside : 5YR 5/6 (yellowish red) 3.9 x 4.0 x 0.8 – 0.65 (lip). D. 21 Stronger burnish on the in- than on the outside. |
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65. Rimfragment of jar with outcurving rim and convex lip, slightly flattened on top. Common brown impasto Inside : 7.5YR 5/4 (brown) Cross section : 7.5YR 2.5/1 Outside : 7.5YR 5/3 – 5/4 (brown) 2.6 x 4.5 x 0.8 – 0.8 (lip). D. 18
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CLASS II JARS/OLLE/VASE Most of the jar types are smaller versions of the storage jar types I.2, I.3 and I.4. |
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70. Rim- and wallfragment of jar with flaring wall, slightly incurving rim and convex lip. Underneath the rim on the outside, a cord decoration, triangular in section and with oblique notches, probably fingerimpressed. Common red impasto Inside : 2.5YR 4/4 (reddish brown) to 7.5YR 2.5/1 (black) Cross section : 2.5YR 3/2 Outside : 2.5YR 4/6 (red) to 7.5YR 3/1 (very dark grey) 5.7 x 9.8 x 0.8/0.9 – 0.7 (lip) – 1.4 (wall + cord). D. 22 Sherds attributed to the same vessel: P13H5.3/4; P13SF/42; P13G4.2BP/3; 96; 1.
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CLASS II
JARS/OLLE/VASE MISCELLANEOUS |
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92. Rimfragment of jar with slightly flaring wall, outcurving rim and convex lip. On transition of body to rim, a notched cord decoration, rounded in section with oval, notched lug incorporated. Common red impasto Inside : 2.5YR 4/6 (red) Cross section : 2.5YR 4/6 (red) Outside : 2.5YR 4/8 (red) 4.6 x 6.5 x 1.5 – 2.0 (wall + cord) – 3.5 (wall + lug)- 1.0 (lip). D. 27 Lug: 2.4 x 6.0 x 2.1 Cfr.: More or less like: Cassano et al., 1978: p. 231, no. 231.
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CLASS IX LUGS |
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159. Circular lug, flattened, slightly concave in section with a flattened to convex edge. Common red impasto Outside : 10R 5/8 (red) to 5YR 3/1 (very dark grey) Cross section : 5YR 4/3 Core : 10R 5/8 (red) to 5YR 6/6 (reddish yellow) 6.1 x 3.9 x 1.5/1.7 (lug) – 5.0 (wall + lug) |